References

Alemán, A. and Ramos, V. A., 2000. The Northern Andes. In: Cordani, U. J., Milani, E. J., Thomaz Filho, A. and Campos, D. A. (Eds.), Tectonic Evolution of South America: Rio de Janeiro, 31st International Geological Congress, 453–480.

Allmendinger, R. W., Jordan, T. E., Kay, S. M. and Isacks, B. L., 1997. The evolution of the Altiplano-Puna Plateau of the Central Andes. Annual Reviews Earth Planetary Sciences, 25, 139–174.

Arriagada, C., Roperch, P., Mpodozis, C. and Cobbold, P. R., 2008. Paleogene building of the Bolivian Orocline: Tectonic restoration of the central Andes in 2-D map view. Tectonics, 27, TC6014.(doi:10.1029/2008TC002269)

Aspden, J. A. and Litherland, M., 1992. The geology and Mesozoic collisional history of the Cordillera Real, Ecuador. Tectonophysics, 205, 187–204.

Astini, R. A., Benedetto, J. L. and Vaccari, N. E., 1995. The early Paleozoic evolution of the Argentina Precordillera as a Laurentian rifted, drifted, and collided terrane: A geodynamic model: Geological Society of America Bulletin, 107, 253–273.

Beck, M. E., 1998. On the mechanism of crustal block rotations in the central Andes. Tectonophysics, 299, 75–92.

Beck, M. E., Burmester, R., Cembrano, J., Drake, R., García, A., Hervee, F. and Munizaga, F., 2000. Paleomagnetism of the North Patagonian Batholith, southern Chile. An exercise in shape analysis. Tectonophysics, 326, 185–202.

Beck, S. and Zandt, G., 2002. The nature of orogenic crust in the central Andes. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, 2230.(doi:10.1029/2000JB000124)

Beck, M. E., 2004. The central Andean rotation pattern: Another look. Geophysical Journal International, 157, 1348–1358.

Bosch, D., Gabriele, P., Lapierre, H., Malfere, J. L. and Jaillard, E., 2002. Geodynamic significance of the Raspas metamorphic complex (SW Ecuador): Geochemical and isotopic constraints. Tectonophysics, 345, 83–102.

Burns, K. L., Rickard, M. J., Belbin, L. and Chamalaun, F., 1980. Further paleomagnetic confirmation of the Magallanes orocline. Tectonophysics, 63, 75–90.

Carey, S. W., 1955. The orocline concept in geotectonics, part I. Royal Society of Tasmania Papers and Proceedings, 89, 255-288.

Cediel, F., Shaw, R. P. and Caceres, C., 2003. Tectonic assembly of the northern Andean block. In: Bartolini, C., Buffler, R. T. and Blickwede, J. (Eds.), The Circum-Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean: Hydrocarbon Habitats, Basin Formation, and Plate Tectonics. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, 79, 815–848.

Cunningham, W. D., Klepeis, K. A., Gose, W. A. and Dalziel, I. W. D., 1991. The Patagonian orocline: new paleomagnetic data from the Andean magmatic arc in Tierra del Fuego, Chile. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 16061–16067.

Cunningham, W. D., 1995. Orogenesis at the southern tip of the Americas: the structural evolution of the Cordillera Darwin metamorphic complex, southernmost Chile. Tectonophysics, 244, 197–229.

Dalziel, I. W., de Wit, M. J., and Palmer, F. K., 1974. Fossil marginal basin in the southern Andes. Nature, 250, 291–294.

Dalziel, I. W. D. and Palmer, F. K., 1979. Progressive deformation and orogenic uplift at the southern extremity of the Andes. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 90, 259–280.

Dalziel, I. W. D., 1981. Backarc extension in the southern Andes: a review and critical reappraisal. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 300, 319–335.

Dalziel, I. W. D., 1985. Collision and cordilleran orogenesis: an Andean prespective. In: Coward, M .P. and Ries, A. C. (Eds.), Collision Tectonics: Geological Society London Special Publications, 19, 389–404.

Dalziel, I. W. D. and Brown, R. L., 1989. Tectonic denudation of the Darwin metamorphic core complex in the Andes of Tierra del Fuego, southernmost Chile: implications for Cordilleran orogenesis. Geology, 17, 699–703.

Diraison, M., Cobbold, P. R., Gapais, D. and Rossello, E., 2000. Cenozoic crustal thickening, wrenching and rifting in the foothills of the southernmost Andes. Tectonophysics, 316, 91–119.

Duque-Caro, H., 1990. The Choco block in the NW corner of South America; structural, tectonostratigraphic and paleogeographic implications. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 3, 71–84.

Feininger, T., 1982. Glaucophane schist in the Andes at Jambaloo, Colombia. Canadian Mineralogist, 20, 41–48.

Forsythe, R. D., Davidson, I., Mpodozis, C. and Jesinskey, C., 1993. Lower Paleozoic relative motion of the Arequipa block and Gondwana; paleomagnetic evidence from Sierra de Almeida of northern Chile. Tectonics, 12, 219–236.

Fosdick, J. C., Romans, B. W., Fildani, A., Bernhardt, A., Calderon, M. and Graham S. A., 2011. Kinematic evolution of the Patagonian retroarc fold‐and‐thrust belt and Magallanes foreland basin, Chile and Argentina, 51°30’S. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 123, 1679–1698.

Fuck, R. A., Brito Neves, B. B. and Schobbenhaus, C., 2008. Rodinia descendants in South America. Precambrian Research,160, 108–126.

Garzione, C. N., Hoke, G. D., Libarkin, J. C., Withers, S., MacFadden, B., Eiler, J., Ghosh, P. and Mulch, A., 2008. Rise of the Andes. Science, 320, 1304–1307.

Halpern, M. and Rex, D.C., 1972. Time of folding of the Yahgan formation and age of the Teckenika bed, southern Chile, South America. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 83, 1881–1886.

Herve, F. and Fanning, M., 2003. Early Cretaceous subduction of continental crust at the Diego de Almagro archipelago, southern Chile. Episodes, 26, 285–289.

Hoke, G. D. and Garzione, C. N., 2008. Paleosurfaces, paleoelevation, and the mechanisms for the late Miocene topographic development of the Altiplano plateau. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 271, 192–201.

Iglesia Llanos, M. P., Lanza, R., Riccardi, A. C., Geuna, S., Laurenzi, M. A. and Ruffini, R., 2003. Palaeomagnetic study of the El Quemado complex and Marifil formation, Patagonian Jurassic igneous province, Argentina. Geophysical Journal International, 154, 599–617.

Isacks, B., 1988. Uplift of the central Andean plateau and bending of the Bolivian orocline. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93, 3211–3231.

Kennan, L. and Pindell, J. L., 2009. Dextral shear, terrane accretion and basin formation in the Northern Andes: best explained by interaction with a Pacific-derived Caribbean Plate. In: James, K. H., Lorente, M. A., Pindell, J. L. (Eds.), The Origin and Evolution of the Caribbean Plate: Geological Society of London, Special Publications, 328, 487–531.

Kerr, A. C., Aspden, J. A., Tarney, J. and Pilatasig, L. F., 2002. The nature and provenance of accreted oceanic terranes in western Ecuador: Geochemical and tectonic constraints. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 159, 577–594.

Kerr, A. C., White, R. V., Thompson, P. M. E., Tarney, J. and Saunders, A. D., 2003. No oceanic plateau – No Caribbean plate? The seminal role of an oceanic plateau in Caribbean plate evolution. In: Bartolini, C., Buffler, R. T. & Blickwede, J. F. (Eds.) The circum-Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean; hydrocarbon habitats, basin formation, and plate tectonics. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir, 79, 126–168.

Kerr, A. C. and Tarney, J., 2005. Tectonic evolution of the Caribbean and northwestern South America: The case for accretion of two Late Cretaceous oceanic plateaus. Geology, 33, 269–272.

Klepeis, K. A., 1994. Relationship between uplift of the metamorphic core of the southernmost Andes and shortening in the Magallanes foreland fold and thrust belt, Tierra del Fuego, Chile. Tectonics, 13, 882–904.

Kley, J. and Monaldi, C., 1998. Tectonic shortening and crustal thickness in the central Andes: How good is the correlation?. Geology, 26, 723–726.

Kohn, M. J., Spear, F. S. and Dalziel, I. W. D., 1993. Metamorphic P–T paths from Cordillera Darwin, a core complex in Tierra del Fuego, Chile. Journal of Petrology, 34, 519–542.

Kohn, M. J., Spear, F. S., Harrison, T. M. and Dalziel, I. W. D., 1995. 40Ar⁄39Ar geochronology and P-T-t paths from the Cordillera Darwin metamorphic complex, Tierra del Fuego, Chile. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 13, 251–270.

Konig, M. and Jokat, W., 2006. The Mesozoic breakup of the Weddell Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111B12102, 1–28.

Kraemer, P. E., 2003. Orogenic shortening and the origin of the Patagonian Orocline (56º S.Lat). Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 15, 731–748.

Litherland, M., Aspden, J. A. and Jemielita, R.A., 1994. The metamorphic belts of Ecuador. British Geological Survey Overseas Memoir, 11, 1–146.

Luzieux, L. D. A., Heller, F., Spikings, R., Vallejo, C. F. and Winkler, W., 2006. Origin and Cretaceous tectonic history of the coastal Ecuadorian forearc between 1°N and 3°S: Paleomagnetic, radiometric and fossil evidence. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 249, 400–414.

Maffione, M., Speranza, F., Faccenna, C. and Rossello, E., 2010. Paleomagnetic evidence for a pre-early Eocene (~50 Ma) bending of the Patagonian orocline (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina): paleogeographic and tectonic implications. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 289, 273–286.

McCourt, W. J., Aspden, J. A. and Brook, M., 1984. New geological and geochronological data for the Colombian Andes: Continental growth by multiple accretion. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 141, 831–845.

McQuarrie, N., 2002. Initial plate geometry, shortening variations, and evolution of the Bolivian orocline. Geology, 30, 867–870.

Müller, R. D., Sdrolias, M., Gaina, C. and Roest, W. R., 2008. Age, spreading rates, and spreading asymmetry of the world’s ocean crust. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 9, Q04006.

Nelson, E. P., Dalziel, I. W. D. and Milnes, A. G., 1980. Structural geology of the Cordillera Darwin – collisional-style orogenesis in the southernmost Chilean Andes. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 73, 727–751.

Nelson, E. P., 1982. Post-tectonic uplift of the Cordillera Darwin orogenic core complex: evidence from fission track geochronology and closing temperature-time relationships. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 139, 755–761.

O’Driscoll, L. J., Richards, M. A. and Humphreys, E. D., 2012. Nazca–South America interactions and the late Eocene–late Oligocene flat-slab episode in the central Andes. Tectonics, 31, TC2013.

Pankhurst, R. J., Rapela, C., Saavedra, J., Baldo, E., Dahlquist, J., Pascua, I. and Fanning, C. M., 1998. The Famatinian magmatic arc in the Central Sierras Pampeanas: An early to mid-Ordovician continental arc on the Gondwana margin. In: Pankhurst, R. J. and Rapela, C. W. (Eds.), The Proto-Andean Margin of Gondwana: Geological Society of London Special Publication, 142, 343–367.

Pindell, J. L. and Tabbutt, K. D., 1995. Mesozoic-Cenozoic Andean paleogeography and regional controls on hydrocarbon systems. In: Tankard, A. J., Suarez, S. R. and Welsink, H. J. (Eds.), Petroleum Basins of South America: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, 62, 101–128.

Quenardelle, S. and Ramos, V. A., 1999. The Ordovician western Sierras Pam- peanas magmatic belt: Record of Precordillera accretion in Argentina. In: Ramos, V. A. and Keppie, D. (Eds.), Laurentia Gondwana Connections before Pangea. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 336, 63–86.

Ramos, V. A., 2008. The basement of the Central Andes: The Arequipa and related terranes. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 36, 289–324.

Ramos, V. A., 2009. Anatomy and global context of the Andes: Main geologic features and the Andean orogenic cycle. In Kay, S. M., et al. (Eds.), Backbone of the Americas: Shallow subduction, plateau uplift, and ridge and terrane collision: Geological Society of America Memoir, 204, 31–65.

Ramos, V.A., 2010. The Grenville-age basement of the Andes. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 29, 77–91.

Rapalini, A. E., Herve, F., Ramos, V. A. and Singer, S., 2001. Paleomagnetic evidence of a very large counterclockwise rotation of the Madre de Dios archipelago, southern Chile. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 184, 471–487.

Rapela, C. W. and R. J. Pankhurst, 1992. The granites of northern Patagonia and the Gastre Faults System in relation to the break-up of Gondwana. In: Storey, B. C. King, E. C. and Livermore, R. A. (Eds.), Weddell Sea Tectonics and Gondwana Break up: Geological Society London Special Publications, 68, 209–220.

Schellart, W. P., 2008. Overriding plate shortening and extension above subduction zones: a parametric study to explain formation of the Andes Mountains. Geological Society of America, Bulletin, 120, 1441–1454.

Sempere, T., 1995. Phanerozoic evolution of Bolivia and adjacent regions. In: Tankard, A. J., Suarez, S. R. and Welsink, H. J. (Eds.), Petroleum Basins of South America: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, 62, 207–230.

Smith, M., Kurtz, J., Richards, S. W., Forster, M. A. and Lister, G. S., 2007. A re-evaluation of the breakup of South America and Africa using deformable mesh reconstruction software. Journal of the Virtual Explorer, 25, 1–13.

Thomson, S. and Herve, F., 2002. New time constraints for the age of metamorphism at the ancestral Pacific Gondwana margin of southern Chile (42–52ºS). Revista Geologica de Chile, 29, 151–165.

Vallejo, C., Spikings, R. A., Winkler, W., Luzieux, L., Chew, D. and Page, L., 2006. The early interaction between the Caribbean Plateau and the NW South American plate. Terra Nova, 18, 264–269.

Vérard, C., Flores, K. and Styampfli, G., 2012. Geodynamic reconstructions of the South America–Antarctica plate system. Journal of Geodynamics, 53, 43–60.

Willner, A., Herve, F., Thomson, S. and Massonne, H.-J., 2004. Converging P-T paths of Mesozoic HP-LT metamorphic units (Diego de Almagro Island, Southern Chile): evidence for juxtaposition during late shortening of an active continental margin. Mineralogy and Petrology, 81, 43–84.