%PDF-1.3 % 1 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 10 0 R /Resources 2 0 R /Contents 3 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 595 841 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 595 841 ] /Rotate 0 /B [ ] /Annots 80 0 R >> endobj 2 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageC ] /Font << /F5 31 0 R /F7 16 0 R /F9 20 0 R /F11 19 0 R /F14 42 0 R /F17 40 0 R /F18 39 0 R /F25 45 0 R >> /XObject << /Im1 4 0 R /Im2 5 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 64 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs5 25 0 R >> >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Length 14030 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 841 m 0 841 l f q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n /Cs5 cs 1 1 1 sc 51.02 797.61 493.23 -11.1 re 0 841 m f* Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F7 1 Tf 7 0 0 7 178.8628 791.3569 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0 Tw [(\015\015\015)-27.6()-27.6()-27.6()-27.6(\015)-27.6(\015)-27.6( )-27.7()-0.1()-27.6(!)-27.6("!)]TJ ET /Cs5 CS 0 0 0 SC 0 J 0 j 2 w 10 M []0 d 51.02 784.31 m 544.25 784.31 l S 1 1 1 sc 51.02 60.96 34.47 -19.33 re 416.412 791.357 m f* Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F5 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 60.5276 51.8346 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj ET 1 1 1 sc 51.02 771.83 493.23 -708 re 66.07 51.835 m f* Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F17 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 52.0236 267.8345 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (depth )Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 78.9013 267.8345 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0.2161 Tw (h, g)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F17 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 100.723 267.8345 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.2161 Tw [(the gravitational acceleration constant, )]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 270.8951 267.8345 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0 Tw (l)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F17 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 278.3343 267.8345 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (the)Tj -22.6311 -1.2 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw (characteristic length of the studied system, )Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 225.0129 255.8345 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0 Tw (V)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F17 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 233.6219 255.8345 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw (the shortening)Tj -18.1598 -1.2 TD 0.0299 Tw (velocity and )Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F14 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 104.271 243.8345 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F17 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 113.0998 243.8345 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.0299 Tw [(the viscosity of the solid. )17.8(This ratio must be)]TJ -6.1076 -1.2 TD 0.3195 Tw (equal in model and in nature for the structures to be)Tj T* 0.1557 Tw [(dynamically similar \(Ramber)17.7(g, 1981\). )17.7(The table 1 shows)]TJ T* -0.0108 Tw [(the values of the parameters in the model and in nature. )17.8(The)]TJ T* 0 Tw (ratio )Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F14 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 73.2241 195.8346 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F17 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 84.0511 195.8346 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.0378 Tw [(in our model equals 3. )17.8(The diversity of the settings)]TJ -3.2027 -1.2 TD -0.004 Tw (implies that )Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F14 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 101.3797 183.8346 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F17 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 111.7889 183.8346 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc -0.004 Tw (varies in the range 10)Tj 8.5912 0.33 TD -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (-2)Tj 0.8328 -0.33 TD -0.0001 Tc (-10)Tj 1.3328 0.33 TD 0 Tc (4)Tj 0.746 -0.33 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.004 Tw (in nature. If one)Tj -17.4792 -1.2 TD 0.017 Tw (calculates every possible value of )Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F14 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 189.7487 171.8346 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F17 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 200.3674 171.8346 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.0169 Tw (with the parameters of)Tj -14.8344 -1.2 TD 0.0862 Tw (table 1, the most frequent values are between 10 and 100.)Tj T* -0.0023 Tw [(This indicates that the scaling is correct. )17.7(The ratio )]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F14 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 253.7756 147.8346 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F17 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 264.202 147.8346 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc -0.0023 Tw (for the)Tj -21.2178 -1.2 TD 0.1617 Tw [(model should be higher)39.7(, i.e. the vertical stress should be)]TJ T* 0.1199 Tw [(increased. However)39.7(, the melt pressure has not been taken)]TJ T* 0.0199 Tc 0.4203 Tw [(into account. By reducing the ef)17.8(fective stresses, it)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.1037 Tw [(diminishes the importance of the lithostatic pressure. )17.7(T)69.9(w)-0.1(o)]TJ T* 0.1451 Tw (other ratios, )Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F14 1 Tf 10 0 2.1256 10 105.1825 87.8346 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 110.6708 84.5346 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0 Tw (s)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F14 1 Tf 10 0 2.1256 10 114.5599 87.8346 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 122.8265 84.5346 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0 Tw (m)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F17 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 133.997 87.8346 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0 Tw (and )Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F14 1 Tf 10 0 2.1256 10 152.3868 87.8346 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 158.417 84.5346 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0 Tw (s)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F14 1 Tf 10 0 2.1256 10 162.3062 87.8346 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 171.1148 84.5346 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0 Tw (m)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F17 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 178.334 87.8346 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.1452 Tw (, where subscripts )Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 257.1019 87.8346 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0 Tw (s)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F17 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 264.9423 87.8346 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0 Tw (and )Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F18 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 283.3321 87.8346 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0 Tw (m)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F17 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 52.0236 75.8346 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.165 Tw [(refers to the solid rock and to the melt, respectively)64.9(, are)]TJ 25.2701 68.4 TD 0.2543 Tw [(important for a correct scaling \(T)69.8(able 1\). )17.8(The viscosity)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0802 Tw (contrast between melt and solid is high enough \(10 orders)Tj T* 0.1311 Tw (of magnitude\), so that melt-enhanced phenomena such as)Tj T* -0.0322 Tw [(strain localization are reproduced. )17.7(The density of the molten)]TJ T* 0.0344 Tw [(wax is lower than the density of the solid wax. )17.8(The gravity)]TJ T* 0.0725 Tw [(processes are therefore correctly scaled. )17.7(That is the reason)]TJ T* 0.0799 Tw (why our experiments show that the pressure gradients due)Tj T* 0.2144 Tw (to the heterogeneous deformation are more important to)Tj T* 0.025 Tw (drive the melt segregation than the buoyancy forces.)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 304.7244 639.8346 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0 Tw [( \012\012)-28()-28()-28(\(\012)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F17 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 313.2283 615.8346 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.1784 Tw (The movie, composed of 33 pictures taken every hour)Tj -0.8504 -1.2 TD 0.0279 Tw (\(i.e., every 2.5 mm of shortening\), shows the four layers of)Tj T* 0.0241 Tw [(the model and the warm water that was surrounding it. )17.8(The)]TJ T* 0.3656 Tw (water level fluctuated because of the evaporation and)Tj T* 0.3006 Tw [(subsequent refilling of the tank. )17.7(The movie shows the)]TJ T* 0.0801 Tw (growth of an upright fold in which many melt-filled veins)Tj T* 0.0631 Tw [(open and close. )17.7(The first step of the deformation \(0-5% of)]TJ T* 0.0199 Tc 0.5449 Tw (shortening\) corresponded to a slight homogeneous)Tj T* 0.0193 Tc 0.3556 Tw [(thickening of the layer)54.9(. Next, a buckling instability)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0873 Tw (developed and foliation-parallel veins opened in the limbs)Tj T* 0.0627 Tw [(\(5-7% of shortening\). )17.7(W)39.8(ith rotation of limbs and elevation)]TJ T* 0.0837 Tw (of the hinge zone, a saddle reef was created and the veins)Tj T* -0.007 Tw [(opened more and more. )17.8(These dilatant sites were filled with)]TJ T* 0.1417 Tw (the dark red melt. Next, the left limb rotated rapidly and)Tj T* 0.078 Tw (when its dip became higher than 30)Tj /F11 1 Tf 14.6855 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F17 1 Tf 0.7279 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.078 Tw (\(shortening > 8.1%\),)Tj -15.4134 -1.2 TD 0.1291 Tw [(the aperture of the veins decreased. )17.8(The melt is therefore)]TJ T* 0.0046 Tw (expulsed horizontally and perpendicularly to the shortening)Tj T* 0.0204 Tw [(direction, towards the outside of the model. )17.8(The melt could)]TJ T* 0.1362 Tw (migrate along the sides of the box and accumulate at the)Tj T* 0.1365 Tw (surface of the surrounding water under the form of a red)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (film.)Tj 0.8504 -1.2 TD 0.0099 Tc 0.365 Tw (The next stages of the deformation consisted in a)Tj -0.8504 -1.2 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1147 Tw (succession of similar processes of opening and closure of)Tj T* 0.2385 Tw [(melt-filled pockets. )17.8(The convex sides of the folds were)]TJ T* 0.1866 Tw [(af)17.7(fected by radial cracks, showing the ef)17.8(fect of a strong)]TJ T* 0.3208 Tw (stretching that the ductility of the wax was unable to)Tj T* 0.0199 Tc 0.4887 Tw [(accommodate. )17.7(The lar)17.8(ge saddle reef structure was)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.1896 Tw [(collapsing between 18 and 24% of shortening. )17.8(This was)]TJ T* 0.0032 Tw (associated with an increase of the volume of expulsed melt,)Tj T* -0.0126 Tw (together with opening of veins in the axial plane of the fold.)Tj T* 0.1249 Tw (The movie ends with the lock-up of the anticline and the)Tj T* 0.025 Tw (beginning of vertical stretching.)Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F9 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 304.7244 219.8345 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc 0 Tc 0 Tw [(\012 \012)-28()-27.9( \015\012)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F17 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 313.2283 195.8346 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.0851 Tw (This experiment provides evidences for a mechanism of)Tj -0.8504 -1.2 TD -0.001 Tw [(extraction of the melt from a partially molten material. )17.7(This)]TJ T* -0.0078 Tw (mechanism resembles to dialtancy pumping: as the aperture)Tj T* 0.0199 Tc 0.3677 Tw (of veins increases and decreases, pressure gradients)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.1532 Tw [(oscillate within the layer)54.9(. )17.8(The melt migrates in a passive)]TJ T* -0.0305 Tw (manner through the wax layer and goes ultimately out of the)Tj T* 0.1055 Tw (fold, in the surrounding water that is the region of lowest)Tj T* -0.0053 Tw (pressure. It follows that melt extraction occurs in a series of)Tj T* 0.2885 Tw [(pulses. )17.8(T)69.9(wo evidences show this fact. First, the movie)]TJ T* 0.0033 Tw (shows periodically a dark red spot, generally centred on the)Tj T* 0.0224 Tw (hinge zone and which diameter varies between 1 and 4 cm.)Tj ET 1 1 1 sc 56.69 464.83 228.05 -144 re 543.251 75.835 m f* Q q 226.8052 0 0 143.5233 56.69 321.3066 cm /Im1 Do Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n /Cs5 cs 1 1 1 sc 51.02 315.83 239.53 -32.16 re f* Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F25 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 52.0236 309.3639 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.0536 Tw (Movie 1: )Tj ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F17 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 84.8674 309.3639 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.0536 Tw (Progressive horizontal shortening of a partially molten layer of)Tj -4.1055 -1.5 TD 0.025 Tw [(microcrystalline paraf)17.7(fin wax.)]TJ ET 1 1 1 sc 56.55 771.83 228.05 -211.46 re 148.892 297.364 m f* Q q 1 i 56.55 771.83 228.05 -211.46 re W* n q 226.8052 0 0 203.7647 56.17 563.0253 cm /Im2 Do Q Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n /Cs5 cs 1 1 1 sc 51.02 555.83 239.53 -84 re f* Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F25 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 52.0236 549.3639 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.2018 Tw [(Figur)17.7(e 1.)]TJ ET Q q 1 i 0 841 595 -841 re 0 841 m W n 0 841.02 594.96 -840.96 re W n BT /F17 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 87.7676 549.3639 Tm /Cs5 cs 0 0 0 sc -0.0001 Tc 0.2018 Tw (Mode of the grey-levels histogram of the wax layer during)Tj -4.468 -1.25 TD 0.0958 Tw [(progressive deformation. )17.8(The mode is a measure of the quantity of melt)]TJ T* 0.0241 Tw (visible on the edge of the model. Pure melt and melt-depleted wax have a)Tj T* 0.2115 Tw [(darkness of 100% and 25%, respectively)64.9(. )17.8(The darker is the layer)39.7(, the)]TJ T* 0.3178 Tw [(higher is the melt fraction. )17.7(The running average is computed on 3)]TJ T* 0.1413 Tw [(consecutive values. )17.8(The graph shows a net decrease during the run but)]TJ T* 0.2661 Tw (with periodic variations that correspond to successive pulses of melt)Tj T* 0 Tw (extraction.)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 4 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 945 /Height 598 /BitsPerComponent 8 /ColorSpace 25 0 R /Length 304013 /Filter /DCTDecode >> stream Adobe d V" < u!" 1A2# QBa$3Rqb%C&4r 5'S6DTsEF7Gc(UVWdte)8fu*9:HIJXYZghijvwxyz m!1 "AQ2aqB#Rb3 $Cr4%ScD&5T6Ed' sFtUeuV7)(GWf8vgwHXhx9IYiy*:JZjz ? 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